The first official central royal mail office was opened in England 1516. Nearly 300 years later Sir Rowland Hill suggested 1835 that letters until the weight of a half English ounze (14.5 g) should be carried for a uniform fee of 1 Penny. The receiver had no longer to pay the postage fee, but the sender. The sender had to use stamps:
5/6/1840 the first two stamps were issued:
1 Penny Black and 2 Pence Blue. At the same time the Mulready covers were selled.
The second country which issued stamps was Brazil 1843. It issued the so called Ox Eyes. The Swiss Cantonese Zürich's and Geneve issued stamps in the same year.
Some postmasters in the USA issued stamps starting 1845. The first official issue followed 1847. The famous first stamps of Mauritius were printed 1847.
The first German stamp was issued 11/1/1849 in Bavaria, the black Bavarian Kreuzer.
The World Post Society UPU was founded 1875.
Source
http://sammler.com/stamps/
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